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My colleague Kees van der Kooi will say something about the “what” of our book, the substance matter, whereas I will try to explain its “why” and “how”: why did we write this book, and how did we do it?

Dogmatics is not a static whole, systematic reflection on Christian faith. It is itself part of history and participates fully in it. Sometimes, even colleagues in the theological faculty still have the idea, that dogmatics is a field that pretends that God can be fully comprehended, that everything can be explained. Some might even think that the best theologian is the best believer. That is certainly not what we imagine that dogmatics is all about. It is a reflection on practices of faith, on the actual relationship with God, informed by the Bible and the teaching of the Church. Sound reflection on the Christian faith is a task that has to be done by every generation. Sheer repetition of what former generations said and wrote would be irresponsible. Every age is confronted with new challenges. The promise of the Holy Spirit should encourage us to fresh reflection.

This study attempts to identify, clarify and evaluate the changing concept of missions in the Hungarian Reformed Church in Transylvania with special reference to the modality/sodality models during the years 1895-1950.

The paper presents some aspects of the theological science which I considered important for the permanent renewal of doing theology in the Hungarian Reformed Church of Transylvania. I hope I made it clear through this paper that doing theology means also the shaping of a new life (both of the one doing theology and their readers), which is conceived and developing in the safety of the living-space of the New Covenant through Jesus, i.e., the Kingdom of God, which came near us. This new life, i.e., the “Kingdom-membership” implies also new understanding: a new understanding not only of the whole life but of the interpretation or definition of the essence of theological science as well.

Theis paper analyses the concept of “imago Dei” based on the 6th answer of the Heidelberg Catechism. I chose this topic as it is one of the most controversial questions of systematic theology. If one browses through the dogmatic and ethical works written from the earliest period of Christianity to the most recent times, they will find a large variety of answers. All of these attempt to explain what the writer of Genesis meant by the expression na‘aśęh ’ ādām beṣalmenu kidemutenu. The Heidelberg Catechism deals with this topic in the 6th answer where the authors attested that God did not create the first human being godless and malicious. After stating that as a matter of fact, God created man according to his own image and likeness, the Catechism explains the term imago Dei in a twofold way: first, it seeks to define the inner content of the image and similitude of God, and secondly it expands upon the purpose of man given by God as the image of his creator within the creation.

This paper presents the doctrine on baptism in the Haereticarum fabularum compendium of Theodoret of Cyrus. From this presentation we learn that Theodoret presents in this work a multi-contextual image of the “all-holy” baptism. The divine origin of the sacrament determined Theodoret to offer it a special place within his theological system. This special place is expressed through the setting of the chapter concerning baptism as well: it is put between the soteriological Christology and the chapters concerning Theodoret’s eschatology, the latter being an introduction to the ethical chapters.

This paper is an expanded and somewhat more elaborated version of an earlier study in which I tried to give a general overview on the word-usage concerning the passion of Jesus Christ in the early Christian creeds. The purpose of this short paper is in part to give a comparative presentation of the sufferings of Lord Jesus Christ in the Western Creeds, and in part I also try to define the role of mentioning the name of Pontius Pilatus in them.

This paper was my MA thesis, and its topic is the reception of the teaching of the Church Fathers concerning the baptism in the 1559 edition of John Calvin’s Institutes. In this thesis, I try to unfold some of the factors that determined the way Calvin used the writings of the Church Fathers in formulating his doctrine of baptism. After presenting the patristic quotations related to the ‘theoretical’ theology of baptism, I will present the quotations and references that are related rather to the practice of baptism. Here I analyse the references regarding the doctrine of baptism coming from the Donatists, the problematic of emergency baptism and women’s right to baptize. Finally, I will present the references from Inst IV 16, dealing with infant baptism. In the last chapter of this study, I will try to summarize the conclusions of the research. I hope the reader will have a clearer image on Calvin’s use of the Church Fathers’ theological heritage on baptism in the Institutes.

This study presents the doctrinal environment of the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum, including its lost Tomus, mentioned by the synodal epistle of 382, in light of which the Creed’s theology ought to be explained. Despite some lacunae, modern scholarship established links between the West (Rome), the Antiochene council of 379 and the ecumenical council of 381. The Fathers’ attempts to find new methods of expressing a pneumatology based on the threefold ὁμοούσια demonstrate that the consubstantiality was meant to be extended to the Spirit. The Early Church regarded the Nicene Creed as being “the faith” (ἡ πίστις) or “the symbol” (τὸ σύμβολον). The other three formulae (of 381, 433 and 451) were definitions or explanations (ὅροι) of, yet by no means additions to “the ancient faith of the 318 holy Fathers”.

I invite the reader to take a journey into the theological world of two little treatises written by one of the most interesting ecclesiastical figures of the fifth century coming from the Antiochene tradition: Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus.

This volume contains selected papers from the broader field of History of Christian Doctrines, and more specifically from Patristics and Reformation studies, but also from the border between them. Most of them were written in the academic year 2014-2015, during my MA studies in the field of Patristics at the Theological University of the (vrijgemaakt) Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, in Kampen. The main topic of the MA programme was the Baptism in the Early Church, therefore the most of these papers presents various aspects of this question. In the following few paragraphs I will present short summary of each paper from this volume.

The spiritual atmosphere can be pure and impure, life nourishing or stifling. The physical atmosphere can also be pure or polluted, life nourishing or stifling. In this context pure air means the abundance of man’s physical living conditions, the pureness and the absence of harm in the whole ecological system, ensuring man’s living space. It also means the balance, which has to exist between the food- and energy resources of our planet for the daily needs of its 7 billion inhabitants. There is a highly tense struggle going on for clean air, habitable earth in ecological as well as economic aspects. Our thesis: it is significant in which spiritual medium this battle takes place. The mere spiritual medium can contribute towards the solution of the problems, which the more and more polluted physical and economic climate brings about.

In this article we shortly introduce T. S. Eliot, noting some major themes he addresses, particularly in relation to religious faith and the search for meaning in life. In the second and third sections our article concentrates on the 1934 church pageant, called ‘The Rock’. This drama was only published once and is hard to find. However, the poetry Eliot included in the drama, called ‘Choruses from The Rock’, have been reprinted and included in various volumes so that these are readily available. But among those people who have read some or all of the ten Choruses from The Rock, very few have ever found a copy of the play in which these poems were situated.1 We present quotations from the ten choruses, with a few annotations at times concerning the context. In the fourth section we look at various aspects of Eliot’s Christology as found in The Rock.

Kálvin felfogása a Szentírás ihletettségéről. Mihai Androne a galaci Dunărea de Jos Egyetem református hitű filozófiatanára vizsgálat alá vette nemcsak a kálvini inspirációtant, hanem az erre használt terminológiát is, és arra a következtetésre jutott, hogy a reformátor a verbális inspirációt vallotta, anélkül azonban, hogy háttérbe szorította volna „az emberi szerzők egyéniségét és értelmi tevékenységét. A terminológia szintjén hiányzanak bizonyos, az ihletettség típusaira vonatkozó meghatározások. Ezek hiánya, valamint a különféle elméletekre vonatkozó érvek és ellenérvek sokszínűsége élénken jelzi, hogy ugyanazon vallási hagyományon belül megszakad a múlt és a jelen közötti folyamatosság. Ebben a tekintetben a reformátori teológia az öntisztázás útján halad.

Reformátor – mióta? A fiatal Kálvin teológiai viszonyulása a középkori egyházhoz. Újraértékelési kísérlet. Kálvint a szakirodalom 1536-tól, az Institutio megjelenésétől tekinti reformátornak. Ebben az értelemben a korábbi megnyilatkozásait – jelesen a lelkek virrasztásáról szóló Psychopannychiát – kezdeti próbálkozásként tartják számon. Annak ellenére, hogy nyílt támadásról valóban nem beszélhetünk, a mű soraiban fellelhetők olyan elemek, amelyek mintegy előre jelzik a szerző későbbi nyílt küldetésvállalását. Kálvin a világ számára 1536-ban, önmaga előtt azonban már jóval korábban reformátorrá vált. Az általa érintett kérdések nem időszerűtlenek, noha ma már másként tevődnek fel.

Kálvin teológiájának mai olvasata A korszakok hasonlóságaiból és különbségeiből adódó hermeneutikai problémák. Ez az előadás kolozsvári Protestáns Teológia által szervezett nemzetközi Kálvin-értekezleten hangzott el 2009. október 15–16-án. Szűcs Ferenc ezzel a végső következtetéssel zárta előadását: Kálvin megértéséhez nem lehet egyetlen hermeneutikai kulcsot, vagy vezérmotívumot kiemelni. Teológiájának megkülönböztető jellegére nézve kétségtelenül felfedezhetők rész igazságok mind az isteni szuverenitásra vonatkozóan mind a krisztológiai interpretációra vonatkozóan, mind pedig a pneumatológiai olvasat igazságát illetően. De ugyanilyen joggal nevezhetnénk őt az egyház teológusának is. Maradéktalanul azonban egyetlen fonalra sem fűzhető fel Kálvin teológiája.

Kálvin János társadalometikájának sorsfordító gyökerei öt szemszögből vizsgálja, hogy miképpen láttatta Kálvin Isten Igéjét. Először is saját korunkban és helyünkön képessé kell válnunk arra, hogy élni tudjunk a bibliai hit átalakító erejével. Másodszor Isten Igéje értékes önismerettel ajándékoz meg hivatásunkat és korlátainkat illetően. Harmadszor fel kell ismernünk Isten parancsolatainak velünk szemben támasztott igényét. Negyedszer Isten Igéjének holisztikus értelmezése révén nem fogadjuk el az élet széthullását okozó szekularizálódást, amely lerombolja lelki és etikai identitásunkat. Végül mindezt nagyon figyelmesen és óvatosan kell alkalmazni minden történelmi helyzetben és időben, újból és újból meglátva a különbséget a régi formák puszta utánzása és az életformáló szabályok szerinti élet előrehaladása között.

It is a challenge to the Reformed Church in Erdély to become really Reformed: reformed according to the beginnings and sources of Christian life and thought. That means: developing a lifestyle of love and care sustained by prayer and intercession, living as foreigners, – foreigners, not due to political decisions of the past, but due to a much more fundamental decision of the Lord to make Christians heirs of a heavenly kingdom, with a citizenship in heaven. I am very well aware that it will be very hard to accomplish this new U-turn.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.

In this short paper I would like to provide a comparative analysis of the passages concerning the passion of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Early Christian confessions (among them the Apostolic Creed1 as well), because these passages are frequently the source of theological misunderstanding and debates. The main question which urged me to do this research had occurred in relation with the Apostolic Creed. How do we say correctly: ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’ or ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered, under Pontius Pilate He was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’? I shall try to answer this question by analysing the relevant passages of the creeds which were composed in the first six centuries.

Melanchton is usually considered as both a Humanist and a Reformer. Many of the books and studies written about him present him as a theologian. It is also worthwhile studying the Humanist intellectual components of his personality, since, after all, a great proportion of his works are ones which present him as a deep thinking, through intellectual, writing with sublime eloquence.