Repository index

Apostle Paul and the Scriptures. An overview of current research and the price of progress. Among Dezső Kállay's biblical studies, the letters of the apostle Paul appear with special emphasis. Paul’s interpretation of the Scriptures was deeply rooted in the active Scriptural tradition of his era, not isolated in hermeneutical vacuum. The Scriptures represented not just the written text but also its interpretation, thus the Israelites’ faith was likened to both a solid foundation and spiritual sustenance, as they “drank from the spiritual rock” (1 Cor 10:4). This study aims to map the key research trajectories concerning Paul’s citations of the Bible. It begins by addressing fundamental issues within accepted consensuses, then evaluates the current state of research, informed by the six-year efforts of the Paul and Scripture Seminar under the Society of Biblical Literature and its two resultant publications. We may conclude that we know more and less at the same time.

„Nekem adatott minden hatalom mennyen és földön. Menjetek el tehát, tegyetek tanítvánnyá minden népet…” „Tudjátok, hogy a népek fejedelmei uralkodnak rajtuk, és a nagyok hatalmaskodnak rajtuk. De közöttetek ne így legyen: hanem aki naggyá akar lenni közöttetek, az legyen a szolgátok.” (Mt 28,18b–19a; 20,25b–26) Jézusnak ezek a szavai a népekhez küldött tanítványok számára szolgálatuk biztosítéka, de figyelmeztetés is, hogy nem személyük és nem szavuk hatalmával lesz eredményes munkájuk, hanem a küldő Úr teljhatalmának kiárasztásával. A rangvita zárómondatai nem arról szólnak, hogy a tanítványok között nem lehet helye a nagyság és az elsőség vitájának, hanem arról, hogy ezeket a szolgálat útján keressék. Előttük két magatartási modell van: a népek fejedelmeinek uralkodása és Jézus Krisztus sokakért végzett szolgálata.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.