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Jelen tanulmányban a szükségszerűség és esetlegesség fogalmait elemzem. Duns Scotus filozófiai teológiájának kontextusában keresem a kapcsolópontokat a harmadik évezred multikulturalitásával. A kapcsolatiság teológiai megalapozásnak a lehetőségét keresem az isteni akarat és szabadság abszolút végtelenségében egyrészt, másrészt az emberi szabadság és akarat kontingenciájának a feszültségében. Ebben a feszültségben Isten kommunikál személyessége és önkinyilatkoztatása révén. Jézus központi szerepe az ember számára nem kontingens, az egyház önmagában kontingens. Isten akarata határozza meg, hogy mi szükségszerű és mi nem hivatása betöltéséhez.

This paper was my MA thesis, and its topic is the reception of the teaching of the Church Fathers concerning the baptism in the 1559 edition of John Calvin’s Institutes. In this thesis, I try to unfold some of the factors that determined the way Calvin used the writings of the Church Fathers in formulating his doctrine of baptism. After presenting the patristic quotations related to the ‘theoretical’ theology of baptism, I will present the quotations and references that are related rather to the practice of baptism. Here I analyse the references regarding the doctrine of baptism coming from the Donatists, the problematic of emergency baptism and women’s right to baptize. Finally, I will present the references from Inst IV 16, dealing with infant baptism. In the last chapter of this study, I will try to summarize the conclusions of the research. I hope the reader will have a clearer image on Calvin’s use of the Church Fathers’ theological heritage on baptism in the Institutes.

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it sets the historical context in which Aphrahat wrote his Demonstrations and deals with the interesting relationship between his writings, ‘against the Jews’ and the Sassanian persecution of Christians. It also treats his refutation of the Jewish charges. Secondly, it addresses his ‘unique’ view of christology which is not in line with the Nicene decision concerning one aspect yet at the same time it is congruent with it. The paper also tries to point out that his view on christology was ‘unique’ but not exceptional in the Early Church.