Repository index

This study presents the doctrinal environment of the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum, including its lost Tomus, mentioned by the synodal epistle of 382, in light of which the Creed’s theology ought to be explained. Despite some lacunae, modern scholarship established links between the West (Rome), the Antiochene council of 379 and the ecumenical council of 381. The Fathers’ attempts to find new methods of expressing a pneumatology based on the threefold ὁμοούσια demonstrate that the consubstantiality was meant to be extended to the Spirit. The Early Church regarded the Nicene Creed as being “the faith” (ἡ πίστις) or “the symbol” (τὸ σύμβολον). The other three formulae (of 381, 433 and 451) were definitions or explanations (ὅροι) of, yet by no means additions to “the ancient faith of the 318 holy Fathers”.

Isa 8:16 is considered a key reference regarding the formation of the book of Isaiah and the role of prophetic disciples in this process. This article argues, however, that originally this verse had a more limited significance. The instruction to which v. 16 refers is to be identified with vv. 12-15 rather than an early ‘book’ of Isaiah. The expression ‘the instructed ones’ (of YHWH rather than the prophet) is applied to the prophet’s audience. This term reflects Isaiah’s characteristic view of prophesying as an act of instruction and prophecy as a form of teaching, and it does not presuppose the existence of any prophetic school. The view that sealing the instruction would allude to preserving prophetic teaching for the posterity is discounted here in favour of understanding the symbolic act as a metaphor from the legal sphere refering to authentication, with no inherent temporal significance.

A tanítványság intézménye rendkívüli jelentőséggel bír az Újszövetség szempontjából. De vajon van-e valamilyen nyoma ennek az intézménynek a hellenista világon túl? Beszélhetünk-e tanítványságról az Ószövetségben? Játszott-e valamiféle szerepet az Ószövetség abban, hogy a tanítványság ilyen formát öltött a zsidóságon belül?

A tudomány az emberi értelem által felfedezett természeti és társadalmi ismeretek összessége. A tudományos kutatás alapvető ismérvei: a módszer, a megismerhetőség, a törvényszerűségek és a logikai összefüggések. Törvényszerű, azaz tudományos az, ami ok-okozatilag mérhetően bizonyítható, és megismételve is azonos eredményt ad.