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The spiritual atmosphere can be pure and impure, life nourishing or stifling. The physical atmosphere can also be pure or polluted, life nourishing or stifling. In this context pure air means the abundance of man’s physical living conditions, the pureness and the absence of harm in the whole ecological system, ensuring man’s living space. It also means the balance, which has to exist between the food- and energy resources of our planet for the daily needs of its 7 billion inhabitants. There is a highly tense struggle going on for clean air, habitable earth in ecological as well as economic aspects. Our thesis: it is significant in which spiritual medium this battle takes place. The mere spiritual medium can contribute towards the solution of the problems, which the more and more polluted physical and economic climate brings about.

Az Erdélyi Református Egyház 16–17. századi szerkezete sok hasonlóságot mutatott a nyugat-európai református egyházi modellel, amelynek intézményei – a presbitérium kivételével – már a 16. század közepén létrejöttek Erdélyben. A presbitériumok felállításának elmaradását főként az magyarázza, hogy az erdélyi az erdélyi társadalom nem a polgári demokráciára épült, egy meglehetősen feudalista rendszerre, következésképpen a társadalom alsó rétegei nem befolyásolhatták sem a helyi közösségek, sem pedig az ország irányítását. Ezért a presbitériumot mint nyugati demokratikus egyházi intézményt nem lehetett beépíteni egyházi kormányzatba. Így az egyházi kormányzat legalacsonyabb szintje a classis vagy dékánság (synodus specificis) zsinata volt, amelyet a dékán (nyugaton: felügyelő) vezetett.

Psalm-singing in the Community of Therapeutae Based on De vita contemplativa by Philo of Alexandria. The Therapeutae’s ascetic devotion is characterized not only by searching the scriptures, meditation and prayer but also by singing of hymns and psalms. Hymns were composed by the principals of the community, they were those who taught the community members to sing them and they continually enriched the hymnal with new ones. The Essenes’ and Therapeutae’s psalm-singing indicates first of all the common Old Testament origin. However these religious communities had different self-identity from that of the normative Jews and this identity required for a special psalm-poetry to be accomplished. The Therapeutae’s psalms remind us of the church psalm-tradition characterized, just like the Essene hymns, by responsive singing and refrains.