Repozitórium index

This study presents the doctrinal environment of the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum, including its lost Tomus, mentioned by the synodal epistle of 382, in light of which the Creed’s theology ought to be explained. Despite some lacunae, modern scholarship established links between the West (Rome), the Antiochene council of 379 and the ecumenical council of 381. The Fathers’ attempts to find new methods of expressing a pneumatology based on the threefold ὁμοούσια demonstrate that the consubstantiality was meant to be extended to the Spirit. The Early Church regarded the Nicene Creed as being “the faith” (ἡ πίστις) or “the symbol” (τὸ σύμβολον). The other three formulae (of 381, 433 and 451) were definitions or explanations (ὅροι) of, yet by no means additions to “the ancient faith of the 318 holy Fathers”.

I invite the reader to take a journey into the theological world of two little treatises written by one of the most interesting ecclesiastical figures of the fifth century coming from the Antiochene tradition: Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus.

Reformátor – mióta? A fiatal Kálvin teológiai viszonyulása a középkori egyházhoz. Újraértékelési kísérlet. Kálvint a szakirodalom 1536-tól, az Institutio megjelenésétől tekinti reformátornak. Ebben az értelemben a korábbi megnyilatkozásait – jelesen a lelkek virrasztásáról szóló Psychopannychiát – kezdeti próbálkozásként tartják számon. Annak ellenére, hogy nyílt támadásról valóban nem beszélhetünk, a mű soraiban fellelhetők olyan elemek, amelyek mintegy előre jelzik a szerző későbbi nyílt küldetésvállalását. Kálvin a világ számára 1536-ban, önmaga előtt azonban már jóval korábban reformátorrá vált. Az általa érintett kérdések nem időszerűtlenek, noha ma már másként tevődnek fel.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.