Repozitórium index

În Vechiul Testament, Regatul de Nord este adesea considerat o regiune vinova-tă în care poporul s-a îndepărtat de Dumnezeu. Cu toate acestea, este notabil faptul că în descrierea întemeierii cultului din 1 Împărați 12, zeul venerat nu este numit, ci doar definit prin faptul că el a fost responsabil de exod. Un alt aspect deosebit de important este că acest cult nu era centralizat, ci Ieroboam a ridicat altare pentru această divinitate în întreaga țară, inclusiv, foarte probabil, în capi-tală, Samaria, unde exista un templu pentru această divinitate. Bazându-ne pe faptul că exodul este atribuit în toate textele lui Iahve, zeul venerat în Israel nu poate fi altul decât Iahve. El era zeul național și dinastic, inclusiv în Regatul de Nord. Acest lucru este susținut de prezența elementului teoforic iahvist în majo-ritatea numelor regale. Cu toate acestea, cel mai probabil erau tolerate și alte zeități canaanite. De exemplu, regele Ahab a introdus altarul lui Baal în templul lui Iahve.

Az ókori Izráelben a téli esők hiányát nemcsak gazdasági válságként élték meg, hanem Isten figyelmeztetését is látták benne. Ezért minden esetben, amikor az esős évszak csapadék nélkül telt el, a bölcsek nyilvános böjtöt hirdettek. A Misna Ta'anit traktátusának 2. része részletesen foglalkozik azokkal a szertartásokkal, amelyeket a pátriárkának, a törvényszék elnökének, a papság és a gyülekezet tagjainak kellett bemutatniuk. A külső szertartáshoz, mint például a láda meghintése hamuval, hozzátartoztak a különböző áldásmondások, amelyek rámutattak a böjt tulajdonképpeni céljára, hogy tudniillik a szívnek kell visszatérnie a helyes útra. A böjti napok tehát a megtérés előfeltételeinek teljesítésére nyújtanak lehetőséget: a bűnök megvallására és a bűnök megbánására. A fejezetben szó esik azokról a napokról is, amelyeken kifejezetten tilos böjtölni és azokról a személyekről is, akik mentesek a szigorú értelemben vett böjt alól.

Tanulmányomban Ádám Jenő munkásságát, valamint a református gyülekezeti énekek dallamát feldolgozó egyházzenei kompozícióit mutatom be. Kodály Zoltán neve mellett az övé elhalványul, pedig a zenepedagógia területén igen jelentős értéket teremtett: a mester elveit ő ültette gyakorlatba, több évtizedes, szorgalmas munkával, nemzedékek zenei oktatását segítve. Egyházzenei művei által a gyülekezeti énekkarok repertoárja gazdagodott.

This paper is an expanded and somewhat more elaborated version of an earlier study in which I tried to give a general overview on the word-usage concerning the passion of Jesus Christ in the early Christian creeds. The purpose of this short paper is in part to give a comparative presentation of the sufferings of Lord Jesus Christ in the Western Creeds, and in part I also try to define the role of mentioning the name of Pontius Pilatus in them.

In this short paper I would like to provide a comparative analysis of the passages concerning the passion of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Early Christian confessions (among them the Apostolic Creed1 as well), because these passages are frequently the source of theological misunderstanding and debates. The main question which urged me to do this research had occurred in relation with the Apostolic Creed. How do we say correctly: ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’ or ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered, under Pontius Pilate He was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’? I shall try to answer this question by analysing the relevant passages of the creeds which were composed in the first six centuries.