Repozitórium index

Isa 7:14 is one of the most enigmatic texts of the Old Testament in which the traditional Christian exegesis has found the roots of the dogma of the virgin birth. It remains a question though whether this text indeed focuses on the female figure rathern than the son to be born. Following a brief survey of the recent state of research, in this article I address the question of the possible historical background of the text. Recent semantical investigations of the term עַלְמָה, often translated as ‘virgin’, show that neither עַלְמָה nor its synonym בְּתוּלָה imply any information about the eventual sexual experience of the named person. Both terms denote a young, unmarried woman. Regarding the identity of this woman there are four main theories: 1. the woman and his son are late eschatological figures conveying messianic messages; 2. the woman is the daughter of Zion and Immanuel is the people of Jerusalem. 3.

Isa 8:16 is considered a key reference regarding the formation of the book of Isaiah and the role of prophetic disciples in this process. This article argues, however, that originally this verse had a more limited significance. The instruction to which v. 16 refers is to be identified with vv. 12-15 rather than an early ‘book’ of Isaiah. The expression ‘the instructed ones’ (of YHWH rather than the prophet) is applied to the prophet’s audience. This term reflects Isaiah’s characteristic view of prophesying as an act of instruction and prophecy as a form of teaching, and it does not presuppose the existence of any prophetic school. The view that sealing the instruction would allude to preserving prophetic teaching for the posterity is discounted here in favour of understanding the symbolic act as a metaphor from the legal sphere refering to authentication, with no inherent temporal significance.

In studies on the composition of prophetic literature, the larger textual layers reinterpreting earlier texts, the so-called Fortschreibungen, received much attention. It is well-known that beside these larger literary elaborations prophetic books also contain shorter explanatory interpolations, often called glosses, which intend to clarify a particular imagery of the prophecy (e.g., Isa 9:14). A systematic reading of these short annotations has been neglected, however, in studying the formation of prophetic books. The present article reconsiders the Isaiah-Memoir from this perspective. It identifies editorial interpolations in three distinct pericopes, Isa 8:2, 8:6-7a and 8:23b. It is argued here that the identification of such explanatory additions is the key to understanding notorious textual complexities. Moreover, it points out that these interpolations tend to expose recognisable patterns and common hermeneutical principles.

Jung egy ízben a következő zavarba hozó kérdést tette fel: „Ha egy teológus tényleg hisz Istenben, milyen hatalom nevében állítja, hogy Isten nem képes az álmok útján szólni?” Csakugyan, állítható-e komolyan, hogy Isten ma is feddhet, inthet, buzdíthat az álmok által? Érdemes-e odafigyelni álmainkra, vagy az teszi jól, aki reggelre – mint az éjszaka ki tudja, honnan előbugyogó zagyvaságait – elfelejti ezeket? Továbbá: segítenek-e az álmok az élet válsághelyzeteiben, például a gyász feldolgozásában? Ebben a tanulmányban sok álompéldával – köztük személyesekkel is – a téma klasszikusaira és természetesen a Szentírásra támaszkodva, ezekre a kérdésekre igyekszünk választ találni.

Ez a rövid tanulmány a siratóénekek rendszerezése és formai kapcsolatuk tekintetében fogalmazott meg néhány észrevételt. A siratóénekek mint a gyász kifejezési formái, ha nem is jelentős mértékben, de egyaránt megtalálhatóak az Ószövetség történeti, prófétai és tanítói könyveiben, tehát szorosan hozzátartoznak az ószövetségi zsidó nép történelméhez. Az általunk használt kutatási eredmények a következőre engednek következtetni a qínáh-strófával kapcsolatban: az ószövetségi irodalomban megtalálható két dávidi gyászének nem szolgáltat példát arra, hogy a siratóénekek formái a korábbi keletkezésű gyászénekek formáit követik. Ez azonban nem jelenti azt, hogy a qínáh-strófának prófétai irodalomban való használata nem a zsidó gyászénekek formájára vezethető vissza, csupán azt, hogy ezt az Ószövetség anyagából egyértelműen nem lehet kimutatni.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.