Repozitórium index

În Vechiul Testament, Regatul de Nord este adesea considerat o regiune vinova-tă în care poporul s-a îndepărtat de Dumnezeu. Cu toate acestea, este notabil faptul că în descrierea întemeierii cultului din 1 Împărați 12, zeul venerat nu este numit, ci doar definit prin faptul că el a fost responsabil de exod. Un alt aspect deosebit de important este că acest cult nu era centralizat, ci Ieroboam a ridicat altare pentru această divinitate în întreaga țară, inclusiv, foarte probabil, în capi-tală, Samaria, unde exista un templu pentru această divinitate. Bazându-ne pe faptul că exodul este atribuit în toate textele lui Iahve, zeul venerat în Israel nu poate fi altul decât Iahve. El era zeul național și dinastic, inclusiv în Regatul de Nord. Acest lucru este susținut de prezența elementului teoforic iahvist în majo-ritatea numelor regale. Cu toate acestea, cel mai probabil erau tolerate și alte zeități canaanite. De exemplu, regele Ahab a introdus altarul lui Baal în templul lui Iahve.

This paper is an expanded and somewhat more elaborated version of an earlier study in which I tried to give a general overview on the word-usage concerning the passion of Jesus Christ in the early Christian creeds. The purpose of this short paper is in part to give a comparative presentation of the sufferings of Lord Jesus Christ in the Western Creeds, and in part I also try to define the role of mentioning the name of Pontius Pilatus in them.

E tanulmány célja nem az, hogy eldöntse az olvasó helyett a kérdést: milyen típusú isten volt kezdetben JHWH? Hanem hogy a bemutatott argumentumok alapján hozzásegítse az olvasót saját véleménye kialakításához, illetve a bibliográfia segítségével megkönnyítse a további kutatást. Az első fontos felismerés az, hogy az ókori Közel-Keleten és az Ószövetségben is nagyon tág az „isten” fogalma. Minden, amely meghaladja az im-manens szférát, már a mennyeihez tartozik, és istennek tekinthető. A mi istenfogalmunk más logikára épül, és ez megnehezíti vizsgálódásunkat.

Berettyószéplakon a temetkezés kultusza a neolitikumig vezethető vissza. 1956-ban a református templom kőkerítésének a javításakor emberi csontokat ástak ki a földből. Mi több, az emberek azt tartják, hogy amikor a zsidó imaházat és az alsó iskolát építették (19. század közepe, 20. század eleje), akkor is és ott is találtak emberi csontokat. A régi középkori temető a református egyháztól egészen a Sár utcáig, annak bejáratáig, a Bálint utcán (sikátoron) át a régi kultúrházig terjeszkedett, követve a Nagy-patak meredek partját. A Bálint utcában 1959 augusztusában bontották le Papp János házát. Az új házának építésekor emberi csontokra bukkantak. A csontok mellett koporsómaradványokat is felszínre forgattak. A református templom mellé legkorábban a 11–12. században temetkeztek. 17–18. századig temetkezhettek a szűkön vett cintóriumba, amely fokozatosan növekedett, tágult a mostani Somlyó útig. 1842–43-ban „czinterem” a temető neve, legalábbis a kurátori számadásban.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.

In this short paper I would like to provide a comparative analysis of the passages concerning the passion of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Early Christian confessions (among them the Apostolic Creed1 as well), because these passages are frequently the source of theological misunderstanding and debates. The main question which urged me to do this research had occurred in relation with the Apostolic Creed. How do we say correctly: ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’ or ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered, under Pontius Pilate He was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’? I shall try to answer this question by analysing the relevant passages of the creeds which were composed in the first six centuries.