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Heidelbergi bukását követően (1622. szeptember 6.) a magyar és erdélyi protestáns diákok közvetlenül az Északi-Németalföldre indultak, hogy ott folytassák tanulmányaikat a holland egyetemeken – különösen filozófia, teológia és orvostudomány terén. Így az első diákcsoport 1623 augusztusának végén érkezett meg Franekerbe, egy frízföldi kisvárosba. 1811-ig, amikor a helyi fríz egyetemet bezárták, több mint 1200 magyar diákot jegyeztek be a Franekeri Album Studiosorumba, ami jelentősen nagyobb szám, mint bárhol máshol a Hollandiában. Jelenlegi ismereteink szerint legalább tíz magyar diák meghalt és eltemették őket Franekerben. Közülük kilencet az egyetem helyi templomában temettek el, egy pedig később (1697-ben) halt meg Leeuwardenben, Frízföld fővárosában, ahol őrültség miatt zárták be (D. Szepesi András). Ötük sírköve ma is megmaradt a történelmi Martini templomban, Franeker belvárosában. Két sírkő a 17.

The text above is the Regulations of the Reformed College Teachers drawn up in 1786 by the board of the College of Kolozsvár (Cluj). The 1780s heralded the era of educational reform, marked by the Habsburg Empire’s ruler mandating a centralisation of the educational system. In response, the Reformed Church of Transylvania embarked on an extensive overhaul of its collegiate structure and public education. These regulations were distinctive, echoing the spiritual heritage bequeathed by nobility and monarchs. Notably, they were exclusively designed for the youth of noble lineage, which likely led to their limited application.

Works of Protestant reformers in the collections of the Lutheran High School in Mediaș. Since 2018, our research has been conducted in the historical libraries of Transylvania, focusing on the works of fifteen Western European Protestant theologians, known as reformers, who were active in the 16th century. At the Lutheran Gymnasium library in Mediaș, we discovered 58 theological texts by these authors. This number is representative of the average size of the collections we have examined. Notably, three-quarters of the works we reviewed are attributed to just three of these authors: 19 works by Melanchthon, 16 by Calvin and 10 by Luther. The number of writings by the other authors is much smaller: 4 from Musculus, 3–3 from Aretius and Brenz, and 1–1 from Bèze, Chyträus and Zanchi. Almost three quarters of these publications, 43 in all, were brought to the Carpathian Basin before 1601, mostly in the second half of the 16th century.

În această cercetare, voi investiga natura umană. Abordarea acestei teme a fost influențată atât de un motiv direct, cât și de unul indirect. Motivul direct este reprezentat de contextul epidemiologic recent, în timp ce motivul indirect derivă din viața noastră bisericească în general, și mai ales din dimensiunea noastră teologică și liturgică. Am observat că întrebările și preocupările ridicate de mulți dintre noi nu sunt doar subiecte pentru discuții informale, ci necesită o analiză mai detaliată. Când folosesc termenul „noi”, mă refer la membrii laici și clerici ai Bisericii, care și-au exprimat diverse opinii și perspective în diferite contexte. Mai mult decât exprimarea acestor opinii, cred că este crucial să demarăm o investigație teologică specializată asupra naturii umane, ca punct de plecare pentru cercetări și analize ulterioare.

Az erdélyi református egyház a trianoni békeszerződés után egy teljesen új, addig soha nem tapasztalt helyzetben találta megát. Az impériumváltást követő években azonban elindult egy eszmei útkeresés nemcsak az irodalom és a közélet terén, hanem az egyház életében is. Az erdélyi magyar értelmiség ezen útkereséséhez jelentős mértékben hozzájárultak a korabeli református egyház vezetői, teológiai tanárai és lelkipásztorai, akiknek elmélkedéseik, gondolataik ma is jelentős tartalommal és hatással bírnak. Jelen tanulmány célja az volt, hogy feltárja ezeket az 1920 és 1944 között megjelent kiadványokat egy eszme- és egyháztörténeti keretbe foglalva és időrend szerint ismertesse a korabeli református értelmiség nemzetszemléletét.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.