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Apostle Paul and the Scriptures. An overview of current research and the price of progress. Among Dezső Kállay's biblical studies, the letters of the apostle Paul appear with special emphasis. Paul’s interpretation of the Scriptures was deeply rooted in the active Scriptural tradition of his era, not isolated in hermeneutical vacuum. The Scriptures represented not just the written text but also its interpretation, thus the Israelites’ faith was likened to both a solid foundation and spiritual sustenance, as they “drank from the spiritual rock” (1 Cor 10:4). This study aims to map the key research trajectories concerning Paul’s citations of the Bible. It begins by addressing fundamental issues within accepted consensuses, then evaluates the current state of research, informed by the six-year efforts of the Paul and Scripture Seminar under the Society of Biblical Literature and its two resultant publications. We may conclude that we know more and less at the same time.

This paper is an expanded and somewhat more elaborated version of an earlier study in which I tried to give a general overview on the word-usage concerning the passion of Jesus Christ in the early Christian creeds. The purpose of this short paper is in part to give a comparative presentation of the sufferings of Lord Jesus Christ in the Western Creeds, and in part I also try to define the role of mentioning the name of Pontius Pilatus in them.

In this short paper I would like to provide a comparative analysis of the passages concerning the passion of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Early Christian confessions (among them the Apostolic Creed1 as well), because these passages are frequently the source of theological misunderstanding and debates. The main question which urged me to do this research had occurred in relation with the Apostolic Creed. How do we say correctly: ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’ or ‘I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered, under Pontius Pilate He was crucified, died, and was buried; He descended into hell…’? I shall try to answer this question by analysing the relevant passages of the creeds which were composed in the first six centuries.

Márk volt az első, aki a Jézusról szóló hagyományanyagokat összesítette, megalkotva ezzel az evangélium műfaját. Az egész evangéliumban azonban egyetlen alkalommal sem válik nyilvánvalóvá, hogy Jézus valóban az Isten Fia lenne. Ezt nevezi az újszövetségi szakirodalom „messiási titoknak”, amely csupán a keresztre feszítéskor, pontosabban Jézus halálakor válik nyilvánvalóvá a százados hitvallásából. Márk evangéliumának lényege tehát Jézus istenfiúsága, és az, amit Ő értünk tett. Ez az az örömhír, amelyet az evangélista tovább akart adni: a keresztesemény. Tehát Márk teológiai koncepciójának középpontjában a kereszt, vagyis a Megfeszített áll.