Repozitórium index

Textele sacre conțin pasaje și revelații care ne poziționează în zona limitelor cunoașterii noastre și ne confruntă cu întrebări inconfortabile. Cât de mult putem înțelege despre acțiunile divine? Când recunoaștem că cunoștințele noastre, hermeneutica noastră meticuloasă, logica noastră bine calibrată și chiar dogmele credinței noastre ating punctul lor final? Un exemplu notabil în acest sens îl reprezintă 1 Petru 3:18–22. De-a lungul istoriei, acest pasaj a fost asociat cu mai multe texte din Noul Testament, iar pentru a înțelege mai bine sensul său original, este necesar să deslușim aceste conexiuni și să ajungem la firul inițial care rămâne distinct și recunoscut în cadrul întregii țesături. În această explorare, ne propunem să urmăm acest fir și să cercetăm posibile interpretări și explicații, pornind de la trei între-bări esențiale: Cine sunt aceste duhuri? Despre ce a predicat Isus în cazul lor? Când a avut loc această întâlnire misterioasă?

Tanulmányom első részében általánosságban tárgyaltam Batthyány Lajos első kabinetjének egyházakkal kapcsolatos elképzeléseit és intézkedéseit, a következőkben a magyarországi felekezeteket sajátosan érintő eseteket fogom bemutatni a teljesség igénye nélkül, ugyanis a kérdéses időszak átfogó bemutatása nagyobb terjedelmű tudományos munkát igényel. A célom itt csupán annyi, hogy ízelítőt adjak abból, hogy a reformkori magyar liberalizmus miként viszonyult a hitélethez.

A kutatók többsége korábban amellett érvelt, hogy az 1Pt 3,18–22-ben a szentíró egy Krisztus-himnusz vagy egy keresztelési himnusz elemeit használta fel az 1Tim 3,16, illetve a Fil 2,6–11 mintájára. Többen is megkísérelték rekonstruálni a himnusz szövegét. A legismertebb hipotetikus szöveg Rudolf Bultmann leleménye, aki voltaképpen a levél és főként a szakasz hitvallásszerű vagy annak érzékelt elemeit ollózta össze. Az exegéták a tekintetben maximálisan egyetértenek, hogy a textus rendkívül homályos és problematikus. Minthogy nem világos a kapcsolat a vers tartalma és a közvetlen kontextus között, nehéz eldönteni, hogy mi lehetett a szerzői szándék.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.

Psalm-singing in the Community of Therapeutae Based on De vita contemplativa by Philo of Alexandria. The Therapeutae’s ascetic devotion is characterized not only by searching the scriptures, meditation and prayer but also by singing of hymns and psalms. Hymns were composed by the principals of the community, they were those who taught the community members to sing them and they continually enriched the hymnal with new ones. The Essenes’ and Therapeutae’s psalm-singing indicates first of all the common Old Testament origin. However these religious communities had different self-identity from that of the normative Jews and this identity required for a special psalm-poetry to be accomplished. The Therapeutae’s psalms remind us of the church psalm-tradition characterized, just like the Essene hymns, by responsive singing and refrains.