Repozitórium index

În acest eseu, îmi propun să conturez doctrina referitoare la întruparea lui Isus Hristos așa cum este reflectată în cele mai semnificative crezuri ale creștinismului. Totuși, pentru a înțelege evoluția acestei doctrine, voi începe prin a prezenta câteva imagini din lumea primelor declarații asemănătoare cu crezul care au apărut în perioada post-biblică.

Rezumând atitudinea terapeuților față de bunăstare, putem constata că această comunitate a ridicat la un nivel atât de înalt valorile spirituale, încât a ignorat absolut tot ce aparține vieții zilnice obișnuite. Ei s-au străduit la înmulțirea bo-găției înțelepciunii (par. 16–17, 20) și a valorilor spirituale. În rândul acestei co-munități meditațiile asupra Sfintelor Scripturi, a cărților sfinte proprii, precum și asupra înțelepciunii dumnezeiești (par. 1, 28–30, 67) sunt absolut primordiale, din care rezultă retragerea din lume și disprețuirea totală a bogăției pământești.

In his 1583 ritual entitled Agendarius, which was innovative in many respects in comparison to its Hungarian predecessors, Bishop Miklós Telegdi of Pécs, the administrator of the diocese of Esztergom, added sample-like sermons to the rituals of the administration of the sacraments accompanying the great turning points of life (viz. baptism, confirmation, wedding etc.). He was presumably guided chiefly by pastoral considerations. For the second edition of 1596 (published after Telegdi’s death), the editors added a second funeral sermon, clearly intended for a more educated, urban audience – judging from the scholarly Latin quotations and the general tone. A comparison of the structure and content of the two speeches provides useful conclusions as to what the ecclesiastical authorities of the time considered advisable to preach at the time of death to mourners lacking basic schooling and what to the more learned audience.

My study approaches Unitarian sermon literature from the perspective of church discipline. There are several reasons for this: 1) Historical records of reception are scarce because in the early modern age, only a handful of Unitarian sermons could be published. 2) it was uncommon among Unitarian preachers to use theoretical works (ars concionandi/praedicandi) until the end of the 17th century, they learned instead by observing the written and oral practices of their colleagues. 3) Because of the medium of the manuscript, most early modern Unitarian sermons did not survive beyond the 17th–18th century. Therefore, in our exploration of the rules and ideals of sermon literature as well as the attitudes of followers, preachers, and schoolmasters to the genre, we are forced to rely on inferences based on the norms, especially the offences recorded in (ecclesiastical) court protocols.

I invite the reader to take a journey into the theological world of two little treatises written by one of the most interesting ecclesiastical figures of the fifth century coming from the Antiochene tradition: Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus.

Ebben a jellemzésben is felfedezhetjük, hogy a törvény szerinti élet, a földi javak megvetése és az elkülönülés, valamint az Istennek szolgáló életvitel együvé tartoznak. A papi, elit jellegű terapeuta létmód pedig az Istenhez menekülés sajátos formája.

Basirius az a sokaknak ellenszenves intrikus személy, akiben a magyarországi és erdélyi közvélemény – számos tudományos publikáció és szépirodalmi mű hatására – mindmáig sem lát mást, mint Apáczai Csere János vetélytársát és tönkretevőjét, és 1655. szeptember 24. szomorú napjának főszereplőjét, aki a lenyakazott I. Károly angol király udvari papjaként potenciális királygyilkosokat látott és láttatott a korántsem vérszomjas erdélyi és magyarországi puritánokban, többek között a minden ízében lelki ember és elkötelezett pedagógus gyulafehérvári professzortársában, a politikával egyáltalán nem foglalkozó Apáczaiban is. A korábban lefordított és elemzett Basirius-levelek után most két olyan, nagyon sokrétegű episztolát szeretnék bemutatni, amelyek Erdély és a Rákócziak végnapjaiba vezetnek el bennünket. 

Psalm-singing in the Community of Therapeutae Based on De vita contemplativa by Philo of Alexandria. The Therapeutae’s ascetic devotion is characterized not only by searching the scriptures, meditation and prayer but also by singing of hymns and psalms. Hymns were composed by the principals of the community, they were those who taught the community members to sing them and they continually enriched the hymnal with new ones. The Essenes’ and Therapeutae’s psalm-singing indicates first of all the common Old Testament origin. However these religious communities had different self-identity from that of the normative Jews and this identity required for a special psalm-poetry to be accomplished. The Therapeutae’s psalms remind us of the church psalm-tradition characterized, just like the Essene hymns, by responsive singing and refrains.

Az előadás először a gazdaság lényegét világítja meg. Miről beszélünk, amikor a gazdaságról szólunk? Másodszor a gazdaságban tapasztalható fejlődésre tér ki. Úgy tűnik, senki sem tudja igazán, hogyan is működik a gazdaság. Valami autonóm történéssel állunk szemben, vagy korlátozható jelenséggel van dolgunk? Végül néhány konkrét tanácsot ad a szerző arról, mi is a teendőnk keresztyénekként a mai gazdasági folyamatban