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În cartea sa Biografie van de dominee, teologul practic olandez Heitink dedica un capitol special dezvoltării oficiului pastoral protestant. El se întreabă când a apărut pastorul protestant așa cum îl cunoaștem astăzi în istoria bisericii. Răspunsul la această întrebare ne duce înapoi în secolul al XVI-lea. În istoria Reformei, acesta este momentul când apare pastorul, însă nu ca preot hirotonit din sânul clerului, ci ca laic. Potrivit doctrinei reformate, membrii comunității lui Dumnezeu ocupă diverse oficii, iar în vârful acestora se află funcția de pastor. Comunitatea alege anumite persoane pentru această funcție după ce a constatat că aceștia au darurile necesare de la Dumnezeu pentru această slujire. Heitink consideră că, într-un timp relativ scurt după implementarea oficiului pastoral, pastorul a devenit un funcționar bisericesc. Această funcție, fie ea laică sau ecleziastică, a crescut în importanță de-a lungul timpului.

Not all pastor's children remain close to the Church, despite the fact that they grew up in a religious environment and had the example and model of Christian living. The theoretical objective of my thesis is to explore pastor's children's motivations for living a pious life. For there can be external and internal motivation. The external motivation is when the pastor's child practices godly living and godly speaking, but not from an internal motivation, not from faith. They are not living a godly lifestyle because they feel they need to and because it is of value to them, but they are just living up to expectations. They behave and speak as expected by their parents, their congregation or their environment. They live godly lives either for external recognition and reward, such as the recognition of the church community or the pride of their parents, or perhaps to earn God's approval.

A hitelesség – mint létforma – az elmúlt évek egyik meghatározó területe a lelkipásztor életének. Az előadás témája a hitelesség kapcsán három irányba kíván vezetni. Ezek a következők: hitelesség az Igéhez, a szervezethez és a lelkésznek önmagához. Az tartalmát illetően előadás inkább egy szakmai életút tapasztalatainak összefoglalása, mint tudományos munka, és lehetőséget kínál saját emberi és hivatásbeli hitelességünk végigggondolására.

The Disputation of Pécs (Pécsi Disputa) by György Válaszúti is a unique segment of 16th-century antitrinitarian literature. Since pécs was occupied by the Ottoman empire, Christians had to live by strict rules. They had to live outside the city walls, and they could only use one church. The dispute is a chronicle of a religious debate between the reformed citizens of tolna and the antitrinitarian citizens of Pécs.

In this study, I examine the works of ars praedicandi as used by the Unitarians. The paper focuses on the Unitarian use of the works of Bartholomaeus Keckermann, who attributed an important role to the exordium. The paper further registers an 18th-century Unitarian reader of Keckermann’s rhetoric, found in a composite volume in the Library of the Cluj-Napoca Branch of the Romanian Academy. This work’s earlier impact can also be studied in a Unitarian manuscript revision created as early as in 1653. There is another Unitarian work (Ms. U. 262) on sermon making from this period, a part of which contains examples of exordiums, that is, introductory parts of sermons. Based on all this, I argue that the exordiums were handled much more leniently by the Unitarians than by other Reformed denominations, and that from the late Renaissance to the 18th century, Unitarians were practitioners of a rather traditional type of preaching.

In Jer 25 we read that God condemns his people for not obeying his voice, and so he brings the king of the north to punish Israel for their disobedience. We learn that God's instrument of punishment is the king of Babylon, but in Jer 25:11 we also read that the land will be destroyed and the people, including the people of Judah, will serve the king of Babylon for 70 years. This 70 years is usually identified with the Babylonian captivity. The subject of this essay is the issue of this 70-year captivity. Several theories can be identified in the research concerning the number 70, and the main question is whether the number has a symbolic meaning or whether it is specifically meant to express a period between two dates. In order to clarify this question, I will examine Jeremiah's statements on time intervals and the related chronological problems, as well as other OT occurrences of the 70-year captivity.

A Jer 25-ben arról olvasunk, hogy Isten elítéli népét, mert nem hallgatott szavára, és ezért elhozza észak királyát, hogy általa büntesse meg Izráel engedetlenségét. Megtudjuk, hogy Isten büntetőeszköze Babilónia királya, viszont a 25,11-ben arról is olvasunk, hogy az ország romhalmazzá lesz és a népek, köztük a júdaiak is, Babilónia királyának fognak szolgálni 70 esztendeig. Ezt a 70 esztendőt, a babiloni fogsággal szokták azonosítani. A dolgozat témája, az említett 70 éves fogság kérdését vizsgálja. A kutatásban több elméletet azonosíthatunk a 70-es számmal kapcsolatban, ezért a fő kérdés az, hogy a szám szimbolikus értelemmel bír, vagy konkrétan két dátum közti periódust hivatott kifejezni. A kérdés tisztázása érdekében Jeremiás időintervallumokra vonatkozó kijelentéseit, és ahhoz kapcsolódóan a kronológiai problémáit, illetve a 70 éves fogság más Ósz-i előfordulásait fogom megvizsgálni.

Lehetetlen arra nem eszmélni, hogy Jeremia kora az ótest.-i vallástörténet kulcsa. Csak aggodalmak között lehet mérlegre tenni e kort, mert az itt beállott fordulópont ismerete nélkül, rejtély marad előttünk az egész ótest.-i vallás. És ép ez a kor hivatott arra, hogy a személyiség, a próféta, Jeremia alakjának megragadó háttere legyen. Minél mélyebben járunk itt, annál inkább érezzük, hogy e prófétát nem a kora termette, hanem az Isten preadestinálta a népek fölé, hogy meg ne értse őt kora teljesen, ő meg ne értse korát, ne is könyörögjön. a népéért, ne tudjon remélni a legreménykedőbb korban sem, hanem, gyomláljon, irtson, pusztítson, romboljon, zokogjon, kétségbeessék s élepedt szívvel mégis építsen és plántáljon.

Ford. Fazakas Enikő, Kovács Zoltán, Kun Lajos, Némedi Gusztáv, Oláh Attila. A Debreceni Református Hittudományi Egyetem Gyakorlati Teológiai Tanszéke, Debrecen 2001, 132. old.

A dolgozat a Görgényi Református Egyházmegye fizetésekkel és kegytárgyakkal kapcsolatos adatainak a feldolgozását tartalmazza.