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I invite the reader to take a journey into the theological world of two little treatises written by one of the most interesting ecclesiastical figures of the fifth century coming from the Antiochene tradition: Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus.

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it sets the historical context in which Aphrahat wrote his Demonstrations and deals with the interesting relationship between his writings, ‘against the Jews’ and the Sassanian persecution of Christians. It also treats his refutation of the Jewish charges. Secondly, it addresses his ‘unique’ view of christology which is not in line with the Nicene decision concerning one aspect yet at the same time it is congruent with it. The paper also tries to point out that his view on christology was ‘unique’ but not exceptional in the Early Church.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.

Jelen dolgozatomban Descartes gondolkodását vizsgálva két kardinális kérdés került terítékre. Az első a megismerés. A dolgozatban választ adtam arra a kérdésre, hogy hogyan lehet Descartes szerint eljutni az igaz és megbízható ismeretre. Ő maga az érzéki tapasztalatok megbízhatatlanságát mutatta be, majd helyette, mintegy alternatívaként az észérveket kínálta. A helyes ismeretszerzés így Descartes szerint észérvek alapján és kételkedve történik. Ezt a módszeres kételyt a cogito-érv foglalja össze. Ez jelentős kihatással van a tudományművelésre. Megerősíti a tudományművelés részleges autonómiáját, mely összhangban van a református tanítással. A második vizsgált kérdés, hogy van-e Isten. Isten létének bizonyíthatóságát, Descartes istenérveit vizsgáltam. Bemutattam Descartes szellemi elődeit (Aquinói Tamás, Canterbury Anzelm) és Immanuel Kant istenérvekkel kapcsolatos véleményét. Vizsgálódásom végén kiderül, hogy Isten léte ontológiai és kozmológiai módon bizonyíthatatlan.