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This study presents the doctrinal environment of the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum, including its lost Tomus, mentioned by the synodal epistle of 382, in light of which the Creed’s theology ought to be explained. Despite some lacunae, modern scholarship established links between the West (Rome), the Antiochene council of 379 and the ecumenical council of 381. The Fathers’ attempts to find new methods of expressing a pneumatology based on the threefold ὁμοούσια demonstrate that the consubstantiality was meant to be extended to the Spirit. The Early Church regarded the Nicene Creed as being “the faith” (ἡ πίστις) or “the symbol” (τὸ σύμβολον). The other three formulae (of 381, 433 and 451) were definitions or explanations (ὅροι) of, yet by no means additions to “the ancient faith of the 318 holy Fathers”.

Minden jel arra utal, hogy a vallásos gyökerek ellenére az európai emlékezetkultúra és emlékezetpolitika modelljei jól érvényesülnek az intézményes vallás nélkül is, sőt a zsidó-keresztyén vallási és a szekuláris emlékezés különbségein túl ez az emlékezetkultúra megteremti a saját vallási dimenzióit.

Mi, igehirdetők, akik az eseményt Isten cselekvésétől várjuk, ezt akár provokációnak is fölfoghatnánk. A prédikáció mint esemény célja minden esetben Isten megtapasztalása a hétköznapokban. Az elvárás —esemény —tapaszta­ lat hármasa jól kifejezi a prédikáció eseményének történetiségét. E három lépésben jut érvényre, hogy mit cselekszik Isten, mi történik az emberrel, és hogy miként reagál a cselekvő ember Isten tettére.

It is often argued that the sixteenth-century Reformation initiated a chain of events that ultimately led not only to religious pluralism within the body of the Western Christian Church, but also to the rise and dispersion of mutual acceptance among various religious groups. The fact, however, that these two things (i.e. religious pluralism and tolerance) did not emerge directly and immediately (almost as a matter of course) from the Reformation itself, is similarly undeniable. As we shall see below, we have sufficient evidence to claim that although the Reformers – including John Calvin, Theodore Beza and others, with whom this paper is partly concerned – at some point in their lives (mostly in their youth) advocated and invocated the cultivation of the spirit of tolerance, most of them refrained from upholding such positions once their situation as leaders within a newly emerged (both religious and political) community or realm became established.