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The hermeneutics of István Tőkés. Following the First World War, the theological stance of the Transylvanian Reformed Church underwent a significant shift. Faculty members at the Reformed Theological Faculty of Cluj-Napoca embraced a “confessional, biblical, constructive” approach, realigning with core Reformed principles, and subsequently, in 1925, they began to follow Karl Barth’s New Reformed theology. István Tőkés, a New Testament professor at the Protestant Theological Institute in Cluj from 1973 to 1983, was mentored by these teachers. This paper explores the evolution of Tőkés’ hermeneutics and exegesis, particularly influenced by Albert Maksay.

În Vechiul Testament, Regatul de Nord este adesea considerat o regiune vinova-tă în care poporul s-a îndepărtat de Dumnezeu. Cu toate acestea, este notabil faptul că în descrierea întemeierii cultului din 1 Împărați 12, zeul venerat nu este numit, ci doar definit prin faptul că el a fost responsabil de exod. Un alt aspect deosebit de important este că acest cult nu era centralizat, ci Ieroboam a ridicat altare pentru această divinitate în întreaga țară, inclusiv, foarte probabil, în capi-tală, Samaria, unde exista un templu pentru această divinitate. Bazându-ne pe faptul că exodul este atribuit în toate textele lui Iahve, zeul venerat în Israel nu poate fi altul decât Iahve. El era zeul național și dinastic, inclusiv în Regatul de Nord. Acest lucru este susținut de prezența elementului teoforic iahvist în majo-ritatea numelor regale. Cu toate acestea, cel mai probabil erau tolerate și alte zeități canaanite. De exemplu, regele Ahab a introdus altarul lui Baal în templul lui Iahve.

The thesis highlights the complex role of the masses in the New Testament. The synoptic tradition, namely Matthew, Mark, and Luke, depict the masses differently. Matthew is more sympathetic, while Luke maintains distance, portraying Jesus as a friend to the poor and oppressed. The analysis of three Greek words, all translated as 'masses' in English: 'πολλοί', 'λαός', and 'ὄχλος', is particularly important. 'πολλοί' is a general term for any large group, not just people. Luke uses it most frequently, while Matthew does not use it at all, indicating that for Matthew, people mean more than just numbers. 'λαός' in the Septuagint usually refers to the nation of Israel. Matthew, with a Hebrew mindset, uses 'λαός' in this sense, and does not equate it with 'ὄχλος', which means an anonymous crowd. The author points out that Matthew carefully chose his words, and this difference is especially important in Matthew 27,25, where the people take responsibility for Jesus' blood.

Ez a református alkotás egy genfi zsoltár dallamára énekelhető bibliai könyv, amely a bibliai históriák hagyományát folytatja. Nem szövegversnek készült, tudniillik hajdan minden rímes és strófikus verset énekeltek. A mai érdeklődő itt könnyen olvasható formában kapja az éneket a legszükségesebb magyarázatokkal, tehát nem betű szerinti, azaz nem kritikai szövegkiadás gyanánt. A kéziratban nincsenek írásjelek, az ötvenhét versszakból csupán az utolsó végén találunk pontot, illetve előbb egyszer-egyszer, viszont ezekben az esetekben az író vagy verselő azzal a céllal teszi ki őket a kézirat jobb oldali margóján, hogy a bibliai fejezet verseire utaljon; és mindig sorvégi pont jelzi azt, amikor a bibliai vers sorszáma következik.

Egypár bibliai párhuzamos helyre fogok utalni, amelyek esetleg elkerülik a prédikátorok figyelmét, vagy nem tulajdonítanak nekik jelentőséget. Ezek két vagy három párhuzamban olvashatók, s előfordulnak a két szövetség viszonylatában, a szinoptikusoknál, illetve egy kisebb szövegegység keretében is. A közöttük levő eltérés, különbség, többlet, ezeknek feldolgozása közelebb vezethetnek a textus megértéséhez és gazdagíthatják a prédikációt.

In dieser Arbeit werde ich mit Dtn 32,1–43 bzw. mit der Perikope 32,1–10 beschäftigen, die den Namen „Moselied“ trägt. Die alttestamentliche Tradition hält dieses Kapitel für eine der letzten Reden des Mose, ein Testament des großen Volksführers.