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Our thesis examines the discourse of the Apostolic Fathers concerning the death of Jesus Christ from both linguistic-stylistic and theological perspectives. Special attention is given to the rhetorical structure, conceptual vocabulary, and historical-contextual background of the texts. The thesis does not aim to formulate dogmatic conclusions but rather to explore how the event of Jesus Christ’s death is represented in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, particularly in terms of temporal designation, soteriological interpretation, and rhetorical emphasis. The study offers a detailed analysis of key passages from Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, and Polycarp of Smyrna, as well as from the Epistle of Barnabas and The Shepherd of Hermas. Furthermore, it addresses the testimony found in the Epistle to Diognetus and eucharistic passages. The research is based on a comparative exegesis of the texts in their Hungarian and Greek versions.

A dolgozat az apostoli atyák Jézus Krisztus halálával kapcsolatos beszédmódját vizsgálja nyelvi-stilisztikai, illetve teológiai szempontból, különös figyelemmel a szövegek retorikai szerkezetére, fogalmi készletére és történeti-tartalmi kontextusára. A dolgozat nem dogmatikai konklúziók megfogalmazására törekszik, hanem arra, hogy feltárja, miként jelenik meg Jézus Krisztus halálának eseménye az apostoli atyák írásaiban, különösen az idői meghatározás, a szoteriológiai értelmezés és a retorikai hangsúlyok tükrében. A dolgozat részletesen elemzi többek között Római Kelemen, Antiochiai Ignác, Szmirnai Polikárp, valamint a Barnabás-levél és Hermász Pásztorának releváns szakaszait, továbbá kitér a Diognétosz-levél és az eucharisztikus szövegrészek tanúságtételére is. A kutatás alapjául a magyar és görög nyelvű szövegek összevetése és exegézise szolgál.

A kötetben közzétett 10 exegetikai tanulmány mindegyike az Igazság és Élet című lelkipásztori szakfolyóiratban jelent meg 2008–2024 között. Tartalmukat tekintve a szövegek az említett folyóirat szerkezeti alapegységeit követik: exegetikai megértés, teológiai összefüggések feltárása, prédikációvázlat, példák és szemelvények, szempontok az istentisztelet alakításához, illetve bibliográfiai hivatkozások. A szövegek a folyóiratban eredetileg megjelent formájukban, a textusok kanonikus sorrendje szerint kerülnek itt közlésre.

The hermeneutics of István Tőkés. Following the First World War, the theological stance of the Transylvanian Reformed Church underwent a significant shift. Faculty members at the Reformed Theological Faculty of Cluj-Napoca embraced a “confessional, biblical, constructive” approach, realigning with core Reformed principles, and subsequently, in 1925, they began to follow Karl Barth’s New Reformed theology. István Tőkés, a New Testament professor at the Protestant Theological Institute in Cluj from 1973 to 1983, was mentored by these teachers. This paper explores the evolution of Tőkés’ hermeneutics and exegesis, particularly influenced by Albert Maksay.

“The one who believes in him will not be put to shame”. Reinterpreting Isaiah 28:16 in Romans 9:33 and 1Peter 2:6. This study delves into the meaning of Isaiah 28:16, examining its original context and subsequent interpretation in the New Testament, with a particular emphasis on the stone metaphor. The first part scrutinises text-critical and semantic issues, considering the Masoretic Texts alongside variant non-Masoretic readings. The latter section assesses the incorporation of the Isaianic text within two New Testament excerpts. This process is mediated through the Septuagint, specifically, a revised edition thereof. The study posits that the New Testament authors, with their different contextualisations, did not seek to innovate but rather aimed to integrate their approaches into an established hermeneutical lineage, commencing with Isaiah’s earlier interpreters.

Rezumând atitudinea terapeuților față de bunăstare, putem constata că această comunitate a ridicat la un nivel atât de înalt valorile spirituale, încât a ignorat absolut tot ce aparține vieții zilnice obișnuite. Ei s-au străduit la înmulțirea bo-găției înțelepciunii (par. 16–17, 20) și a valorilor spirituale. În rândul acestei co-munități meditațiile asupra Sfintelor Scripturi, a cărților sfinte proprii, precum și asupra înțelepciunii dumnezeiești (par. 1, 28–30, 67) sunt absolut primordiale, din care rezultă retragerea din lume și disprețuirea totală a bogăției pământești.

Habacuc 2:4 este un text de o importanță majoră pentru teologia apostolului Pavel. Avem de-a face însă cu un text extrem de dificil (o constatare valabilă de altfel pentru întreaga carte a profetului Habacuc), iar traducerile – sau mai degrabă parafrazele – din edițiile de Biblie sau comentarii reprezintă doar variații interpretative ale textului ebraic. Acest studiu este dedicat impactului și interpretării lui Habacuc 2:4b, în special a conceptului credinței, pentru literatura teologică din epoca Reformei.

Titlul acestui volum de studii, Despre lucruri prea minunate, își are originea în ultimul discurs al lui Iov cu Dumnezeu în Iov 42:1–6. În străduința sa de a înțelege cauzalitatea evenimentelor și raționalitatea lucrurilor dincolo de o viață pusă la o grea încercare, Iov își vede dorința sa ultimă de a se întâlni cu Creatorul împlinită. Cu toate acestea, nici măcar această întâlnire supremă nu pare să îl ajute să dezvăluie complexa rețea a existențialității umane. Această întâlnire cu Creatorul îl conduce totuși la o descoperire fundamentală, și anume a limitelor cunoașterii umane, rezumată succint prin următoarea concluzie: „am vorbit fără să înțeleg despre lucruri prea minunate pentru mine și nu știam” (Iov 42:3).

Autorii acestui volum sunt cadre didactice și cercetători la Institutul Teologic Protestant din Cluj-Napoca. Chiar dacă studiile lor nu prezintă o coerență din punct de vedere tematic, tradiția protestantă a autorilor conferă volumului o coeziune internă. Spiritul profetic al protestantismului implică o redescoperire continuă a revelației, o reevaluare necontenită a tradiției interpretative, dar și o introspecție neîncetată a omului conștient de fragilitatea cunoașterii sale. Sperăm că acest cadru oferă volumului curent o armonie internă care, în ciuda discrepanțelor tematice, va fi observată și apreciată și de către cititor. Cele mai multe articole prezentate aici reprezintă traduceri adaptate ale unor versiuni publicate anterior în limba maghiară sau într-o altă limbă. Scopul nostru este să deschidem încă o cale de dialog spre cei care, asemenea lui Iov, încearcă să dezlege lucrurile prea minunate ale lui Dumnezeu, în limba română.

A szenvedés titok is. Szenved az istenkáromló és az igaz is. Jézus sem fedte fel annak okát, hogy az a jeruzsálemi ember miért született vakon. Azt viszont felfedte és számtalanszor példázta, hogy mit kell tenni a szenvedőkkel. Aki pedig felkarol bármely nyomorúságba esett embert, abban Isten hatalma cselekszik. Ez a mi felkarolásunk ugyanaz az a felkaroló, vigasztaló, testet lelket gyógyító csodatett, amelyet Isten tett és tesz. Az itt közölt írás, amely egy előadás kibővített és szerkesztett változata, a szkólékobrótosz (σκωληκόβρωτος) néven ismert betegség kérdéskörébe enged betekintés kanonikus bibliai, A Makkabeusok második könyve, Josephus Flavius írásai, a rabbinikus források és a Jób testamentuma apokrifus könyv alapján.

Dolgozatomban egy nagyapa a Törvény szerint élni kívánó embereknek intézet tanításait mutatom be, melyek az intertestamentális kor nőkről, férfiakról és a közöttük lévő nemi és szociális kapcsolatokról vallott nézeteit is tartalmazza, ezzel próbálva az oktatást és a bölcsességet előre mozdítani. A protestánst teológiai irodalomban kevés figyelmet szenteltek e könyvnek, mert bár a deuterokanonikus könyvek olvasmányként elfogadottak, szószéki igehirdetés során nem használhatóak fel. E dolgozat azoknak a magyar teológusoknak és más irányultságú olvasóknak nyújthat segítséget, akik szeretnének megismerkedni Jézus, Sirák fia könyvével, különös tekintettel annak nőkkel és a férfiakkal kapcsolatos tanításaival. Írásomban arra keressük a választ, milyen volt a könyv keletkezési idejében a nők helyzete, milyen elvárásaik voltak a lánygyermekek, feleségek, özvegyek felé, milyen kötelezettségeket kellett teljesíteniük a nőknek.

Az angyaloknál kissebbé tétetett Messiás főpapi-megváltói munkáját elvégezve méltóképpen foglalta el helyét Isten jobbján. Személyét igaz emberségét, szenvedését és egész földi életútját vizsgálva bebizonyosodott az, hogy egyedül neki van joga a kegyelem királyi székét elfoglalni. Azért lett emberré, hogy az Isten emberrel való szövetsége a maga teljes mélységében megvalósuljon. Ennek a szövetségnek a közbenjárója és kezese a Messiás. Jahve személyében és tekintélyével jött el és lett nemcsak az új szövetség mediátora, hanem áldozata is, amelyben a Jeremiás által megígért bűnök bocsánata megvalósul. A Messiás ember, főpap, közbenjáró és áldozat. Az, ami eddig csak árnyék volt, itt ragyog most teljes dicsőségében.

Nebukadneccar egyik terjedelmesebb felirata a brisai sziklafelirat, az észak-libánoni térségből. A tanulmány ennek a feliratnak az akkád nyelven írt verzióját és annak magyar fordítását tartalmazza, bevezetővel és mindenekelőtt az Ószövetség olvasóit szem előtt tartó jegyzetanyaggal. A brisai felirat egyrészt a babiloni fogság előtti korszak története, másrészt általában a bibliai történetírás és szellemtörténet szempontjából is fontos kordokumentum. A felirat helyenként reflektál az Újbabiloni Birodalom nyugati térséggel kapcsolatos ténykedéseire és politikájára is.

Adorjáni Zoltán, a Kolozsvári Protestáns Teológiai Intézet újszövetséges professzora 2021. november 13-án töltötte a 65. életévét. A tiszteletére megjelent könyv 43 szerző tanulmányát tartalmazza. A kötet szerzői több szálon kötődnek az ünnepelthez: jelenlegi kollégák és egykori kollégák, testvérintézmények tanárai, tanítványok, barátok. Az itt megjelenített tanulmányok tartalmilag érintik a biblicum, a rendszeres teológia, a gyakorlati teológia, az egyháztörténet, a művészettörténet és művelődéstörténet területeit.

This article discusses the MT of Isa 33,12 and argues that the verse line "the nations will be burned to lime (שִׂיד)" is difficult in its context and distorts the parallelism, describing the fall of the enemy of Judah with the help of plant-imagery. Although Am 2,1 is often mentioned in connection with Isa 33,12, closer analysis shows that there are differences between the two texts. It is suggested that the LXX should be followed here, which goes back to a Hebrew text reading שָׂדַי, "field", "(agricultural) land" instead of שִׂיד, "lime". This emendation (metathesis) is most likely also supported by the independent tradition of the Targum (ניר, "field, land (to be ploughed)" < נור). The metaphor of burning field not only fits its present context well, but it has biblical parallels and it is supported by agricultural customs known from the Near East.

The Book of Habakkuk is well-known for using a very sophisticated language in terms of semantics, poetics, or rhetorical structure, causing tremendous difficulties to later interpreters, both ancient and modern. For this reason, from a diachronic perspective, textual deviations from the canonical Massoretic tradition could be mere relics of the perplexity of confused translators or scribes. This study argues, however, that there are cases where the independent, divergent textual traditions coalesce into a reading that could be considered a historically more reliable variant than the reading survived within the Massoretic Text. This appears to be the case with בגוים in Hab 1:5 and היין in Hab 2:5, for which three independent traditions presuppose a common pre-Massoretic ancient alternative reading.

This article argues that Isaiah's so-called ‘refrain poem’ (Kehrvergedicht) in Isa. 9.7–20 is a composite text, going back to two early prophecies with different concerns. Isaiah 9.7–17* focused originally on the arrogant refusal of the divine word, while Isa. 9.18–20* reflected on the chaotic social circumstances in Samaria in the eighth century. The refrains in vv. 9,11cd, 16ef and 20cd were added to these two already connected prophecies at a later stage. The theological summary in v. 12 is yet another addition, closely affiliated with 5.24–25. Unlike v. 12, the refrains do not have the repentance of Israel in view, nor its final destruction, but the fall of Assyria in Isa. 10.5–15, 24–27. The refrains support the theory that the Isaianic collection was formed by means of reusing, restructuring and reinterpreting earlier material. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309089216690385

The studies of this volume were presented originally at a Brueggemann-conference in the Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj-Napoca, Romania (April 24-25, 2012). This symposium was part of a study week organised by ministers from The Netherlands and Transylvania in Györgyfalva, near Cluj-Napoca, on the eve of the publication of the Hungarian translation of one of Brueggemann's most significant books, the Theology of the Old Testament.

This is a study of Isaiah 18-20, three chapters in the so-called Isaianic prophecies concerning the nations, Isaiah 13-23 (24-27). Beyond being located close to each other in this literary corpus, there is at least one common element that ties these three chapters together: Isaiah 18-20 deal with two neighbouring countries of the Nile, Kush and Egypt respectively. The two lands were politically closely related in the era of the prophet Isaiah, so that addressing them in proximity to each other should not be surprising in a book set in the period of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (Isaiah 1:1). Through a detailed analysis of the three chapters I hope to contribute to a better understanding of the collection of prophecies on the nations in the book of Isaiah and, more remotely, of the wider phenomenon of prophecies concerning the nations, so prevalent in the Hebrew Bible.

This collection of studies going back to a conference held in 2015 in Jerusalem aims to show that there is a clear continuity of the Isaianic tradition beyond the era of the eighth-century prophet. In comparison to other books of the Old Testament, Isaiah has been one of exceptional influence throughout the centuries. The ten essay included here underline this statement from various perspectives, dealing with the reception history of Isaiah in different periods. Below I present a short overview of its content with several remarks appended to each study.
https://www.bookreviews.org/BookDetail.asp?TitleId=12914

Writing a commentary with one eye for critical issues and with another for interested lay readers with no knowledge of biblical languages is always a demanding task, but it becomes an almost impossible undertaking in a case such as the book of Habakkuk, insofar as most problems of this controversial small composition are closely tied to (Hebrew) textuality. Although I did occasionally have doubts regarding the accessibility of the topic and the language of exposition for the general reader, one must ultimately recognize that Oskar Dangl did attain the purpose of any serious commentary with whatever audience in view, namely, to raise interest in a close reading and more text-focused study of the difficult prophetic compositions.
https://www.bookreviews.org/bookdetail.asp?TitleId=10320

https://www.bookreviews.org/bookdetail.asp?TitleId=10581

This study argues that the phrase פָּרָשָׁיו וּפָרָשָׁיו should be emended to פָּרָשָׁיו וּפָרְשׂוּ, "their horses (or: horsemen) swarm out (or: spread out)". This reading is indirectly supported by some of the ancient witnesses (LXX and 1QpHab) and is better suited to its context than the Massoretic version.

In Jeremiah 28, there is a dispute between the prophets Jeremiah and Hananiah over the (il)legitimacy of prophecies of salvation concerning Judah and prophecies of judgement regarding Babylon. On the eve of Jerusalem’s fall to the Babylonians, the prophet Jeremiah, who proclaims judgement on Judah at the hands of Babylon, appears to be the true, genuine, canonical voice of God. While this text does not preclude the eventual authenticity of prophecies of salvation in the event that they are proven valid by being fulfilled, it nevertheless is rather strange that the book of Jeremiah ends with a collection of prophecies against the Chaldaeans. The anti-Babylonian statements in Jeremiah 50-51 are ascribed to the very same prophet who had once dismissed Hananiah for uttering similarly worded – and presumably uninspired – invectives before the people of Jerusalem.

According to Gen 1, the “classical” story of the origin of humanity, God began and finished the creation of man on the sixth day. In this view, creation is a one-time divine act dated to the dawn of history. Psalm 139,13-16 provides an alternative concept regarding human origins. The ideas permeating this Psalm are less widespread in the Bible, and they were far less influential for later theological works than the classical biblical accounts of creation. Nonetheless, these anthropological notions appear to be firmly rooted in folk religion. Making lavish use of motifs familiar from ancient Near Eastern mythological texts, the poem considers that a divine act of creation is performed in the process of birth of every individual. In contrast to the historicising interpretations of Gen 1-2, this text emphasises the personal character of creation. The present study examines the philological problems in Ps 139,13-16, as well as the Near Eastern background of its language.

Naast de sporadische expliciete verwijzingen naar de receptie van de profetie door andere profeten in een latere tijd zijn er een aantal indirecte bewijzen met betrekking tot het onderlinge verband tussen de profetische teksten. Het doel van deze bijdrage is om de aanwezigheid en functie van de traditie te onderzoeken binnen de zogenaamde volkenprofetieën; dat wil zeggen: profetieën die gaan over de vreemde volken rondom Israël. De vraag is in hoeverre de profeten zich van andere volkenprofetieën bewust waren, hoe die traditie in hun eigen boodschap een rol speelde, en hoe die traditie zich tot de nieuwe context verhoudt.