Repozitórium index

În cartea sa Biografie van de dominee, teologul practic olandez Heitink dedica un capitol special dezvoltării oficiului pastoral protestant. El se întreabă când a apărut pastorul protestant așa cum îl cunoaștem astăzi în istoria bisericii. Răspunsul la această întrebare ne duce înapoi în secolul al XVI-lea. În istoria Reformei, acesta este momentul când apare pastorul, însă nu ca preot hirotonit din sânul clerului, ci ca laic. Potrivit doctrinei reformate, membrii comunității lui Dumnezeu ocupă diverse oficii, iar în vârful acestora se află funcția de pastor. Comunitatea alege anumite persoane pentru această funcție după ce a constatat că aceștia au darurile necesare de la Dumnezeu pentru această slujire. Heitink consideră că, într-un timp relativ scurt după implementarea oficiului pastoral, pastorul a devenit un funcționar bisericesc. Această funcție, fie ea laică sau ecleziastică, a crescut în importanță de-a lungul timpului.

In his 1583 ritual entitled Agendarius, which was innovative in many respects in comparison to its Hungarian predecessors, Bishop Miklós Telegdi of Pécs, the administrator of the diocese of Esztergom, added sample-like sermons to the rituals of the administration of the sacraments accompanying the great turning points of life (viz. baptism, confirmation, wedding etc.). He was presumably guided chiefly by pastoral considerations. For the second edition of 1596 (published after Telegdi’s death), the editors added a second funeral sermon, clearly intended for a more educated, urban audience – judging from the scholarly Latin quotations and the general tone. A comparison of the structure and content of the two speeches provides useful conclusions as to what the ecclesiastical authorities of the time considered advisable to preach at the time of death to mourners lacking basic schooling and what to the more learned audience.

My study approaches Unitarian sermon literature from the perspective of church discipline. There are several reasons for this: 1) Historical records of reception are scarce because in the early modern age, only a handful of Unitarian sermons could be published. 2) it was uncommon among Unitarian preachers to use theoretical works (ars concionandi/praedicandi) until the end of the 17th century, they learned instead by observing the written and oral practices of their colleagues. 3) Because of the medium of the manuscript, most early modern Unitarian sermons did not survive beyond the 17th–18th century. Therefore, in our exploration of the rules and ideals of sermon literature as well as the attitudes of followers, preachers, and schoolmasters to the genre, we are forced to rely on inferences based on the norms, especially the offences recorded in (ecclesiastical) court protocols.

Az elmúlt évtizedekben megnőtt az érdeklődés a kora újkori református identitás alkotóelemei iránt. Kevesebb figyelem fordult az „önelnevezés” irányába. Meghatározó volt ifjabb Révész Imre (1889–1967) 1934-ben megjelent tanulmánya, amely bemutatta, hogy idővel miként lett az egyháztörténeti hagyományokon alapuló eretnekbélyegből karakteres nemzeti vonással rendelkező értékjelző. A szerző a református egyházak között kivételként határozta meg a magyarországi gyakorlatot, ahol a felekezet (nem hivatalosan) önmagára is alkalmazta a Kálvin nevéből képzett, eredetileg negatív jelzőt. Korábban teológusaink kifejezetten tiltakoztak ellene, és helyette a „keresztyén”, a „helvét hitvallású”, az „evangelicus” és az „ortodoxa reformata” elnevezéseket használták. Ezúttal a „kálvinista” jelzőt tesszük a vizsgálat tárgyává a 17. századi református teológiai szövegekben.